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 Global Citizenship - Homework 3

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Mimosa Harrington
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Mimosa Harrington


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Global Citizenship - Homework 3 Empty
PostSubject: Global Citizenship - Homework 3   Global Citizenship - Homework 3 EmptyTue Mar 27, 2018 5:45 pm

Countries utilize Hard and Soft Power when dealing with both internal issues as well as external ones. The Fourth estate is also utilized to deal with internal and external issues but has yet to be successfully classified as a Hard or Soft power within a country's political structure and context.

In your essay, definite Hard and Soft Powers with relevant, real world examples and then argue if the Fourth Estate falls into the former or latter category. Justify your line of argument with supporting evidence. Your essay should be three feet long (300 words) and contain both your name and house lest it remain ungraded.

Your homework is due by the end of this term (2nd April) and will be graded for a total of ten points to your respective houses. All essays are to be left here as responses to this prompt. No late entries will be entertained. If you have questions, kindly read the homework prompt once more before trying to secure an appointment with the Headmistress.

Good luck!

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PostSubject: Re: Global Citizenship - Homework 3   Global Citizenship - Homework 3 EmptyThu Mar 29, 2018 5:26 pm

Janet Shinings, Slytherin

Hard power vs. Soft power. It can be difficult to say sometimes, which a situation would be categorized into, Hard or Soft power. Hard power is the use of military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of others. This power is often aggressive and achieved by coercion, as opposed to soft power, which is more about attracting others, and simply convincing them that your way is better. Soft power is the ability to shape the preferences of others through appeal and attraction.

Hard power is shown in many ways. The first and most obvious being through Military Intervention. History is littered with examples, for instance, the 1939 invasion of Poland by Germany that triggered the Second World War. Another popular aspect of Hard power would be Economic Sanctions. An example of this would be the United States trade embargos on countries like Cuba, Iran, and Iraq in the latter half of the 20th century provide prime examples. The 1995 Iran Sanctions Act, for instance, was implemented in response to Iran’s nuclear program and its alleged funding of organizations such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad. The sanctions were designed to limit investment in Iran’s oil fields and infrastructure. Thus, by impeding the development of a key sector of Iran’s economy, petroleum, the United States hoped to discourage Iran from engaging in any further undesirable activity.

Soft power is also a means of a country being able to get what it wants. There are countless examples throughout the world, but it's a bit harder to break it into categories like Hard power. Still, Soft power is everywhere, and it's impossible to avoid. America's early commitment to religious toleration, for example, was a powerful element of its overall appeal to potential immigrants; and American aid in the reconstruction of Europe after World War II was an advertisement both of the prosperity and the generosity of the people of the United States. These are both examples of Soft power being used to change the world's view.

The Fourth estate would most definitely be classified as a soft power. The media does not force you to do anything but does shape the way you think about everything. You see models in magazines and actors on TV and think that that's what a "perfect body" must look like. Children these days take one look at a movie like "Twilight" and think they know what a relationship looks like. The Fourth estate doesn't force us to lose weight or find an abusive relationship, but it does make us think that that's the right thing to do. Therefore, The Fourth estate would be a Soft power, a dangerous, manipulative, Soft power.


Headmistress Goshawk wrote:

Congratulations on a well researched piece of work. I must confess I had to look up the movie you mentioned and a brief summary made me avert my gaze instantly but overall you provide a fresh perspective along with uncanny knowledge of the American political system and economic dealings.

As for the technical aspect, I would advise you to work on your phrasing and sentencing. Often you use the two interchangeably. Please see our librarian Mr. Hughes for help with the technicalities of essay construction.

9/10
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Dia Greene
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Global Citizenship - Homework 3 Empty
PostSubject: Re: Global Citizenship - Homework 3   Global Citizenship - Homework 3 EmptySun Apr 01, 2018 11:51 pm

Dominique Greene
Gryffndor

A good example of soft power would be President Carter. He is a well known pacifist. A pacifist is a person who believes that war and violence are unjustifiable. On November 4 1979 started what is known as Iran hostage crisis As there was a diplomatic standoff between Iran and the United States. Which lasted 444 days or 1 year 2 months 2 weeks and 2 days.  This was the longest hostage crisis in recorded history. There were fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage. President Carter would rather try and negotiate with the Iranian government. Originally there were fifty eight and 6 of the diplomats were able to escape being captured. In 1981 the 52 hostages were released on January 20. Which also was the first day that President Reagan was sworn into office. Most would see this as a slap in the face of President Carter. As he is one of the not popular presidents.

A good example of the hard power would be President Regan. Even though he came right after Carter, the American people loved him. As he became the president who would not take any nonsense approach. As this was different from President Carter, who was a pacifist. Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi was labelled to be public enemy number one. President Regan warned Gaddafi to back off and he would not listen. As Regan gave him two warnings and wasn’t taking him seriously. Which led to a third warning were Regan ordered an airstrike on his compound. In a result, he lost a young child. Gaddafi then started to take Regan seriously.

This is my two examples of the hard and soft power. As I used both President Carter and Regan. As they are two presidents who their years in office were completely different.

Headmistress Goshawk wrote:

This homework is incomplete as you failed to address the second part of the question regarding the Fourth Estate. Therefore, your grades will reflect such.

Your examples of hard and soft power though were within the realm of reasonable.

4/10

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PostSubject: Re: Global Citizenship - Homework 3   Global Citizenship - Homework 3 EmptyMon Apr 02, 2018 9:35 pm

Nerisei I. Gerber

Ravenclaw

It is quite hard to define what Soft and Hard power is, sometimes, and the reason behind that is the way the state works. Both are means to an end, ways to make people, and even nations, do things that they wouldn't want to, under different circumstances. The instances that hard power had been used are many, but equally as many are the times soft power was utilised, in an attempt to withhold from any form of violence. But is soft power, truly, not a form of violence?

A coercive approach to international political relations, especially one that involves the use of military power, can be otherwise named as Hard Power. The use of economic means has also been noted, in attempts to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies. The existence of hard power has a long history, and has been severely used by a lot of nation during various times. The term itself, describes a nation or political body’s ability to use economic incentives or military strength to influence other actors’ behaviors. It relies on a measure of power propounded by the realist school in international relations theory. In the realist school, power is linked with the possession of certain tangible resources, including population, territory, natural resources, economic and military strength, among others. Hard power is defined by the use of such resources to spur the behavior of other entities.

A widely spread example of the use of Hard Power is the Greek military junta of 1967-1974. The Greek military junta of 1967–1974, commonly known as the Regime of the Colonels, or in Greece simply The Junta, The Dictatorship and The Seven Years, was a series of far-right military juntas that ruled Greece following the 1967 Greek coup d'état led by a group of colonels on 21 April 1967. Violence was the the main medium used, along with threats and other prohibitions. Therefore, it is quite obvious that the use of Hard Power should be avoided by all costs.

As a contrast to that comes Soft power, a persuasive approach to international relations, typically involving the use of economic or cultural influence. Soft power is the ability to attract and co-opt, to shape, in a way,the preferences of others through appeal and attraction. The difference is that soft power is not a coercive approach. The currency of soft power is culture, political values, and foreign policies. Recently, the term has also been used in changing and influencing social and public opinion through relatively less transparent channels and lobbying through powerful political and non-political organizations.

A Demagogue could be considered a good example of soft power. Demagogues were leaders in a democracy who gained popularity by exploiting prejudice and ignorance among the common people, whipping up the passions of the crowd and shutting down reasoned deliberation. Demagogues have appeared in democracies since ancient Athens. They exploit a fundamental weakness in democracy: because ultimate power is held by the people, it is possible for the people to give that power to someone who appeals to the lowest common denominator of a large segment of the population.

Instead of violence, Demagogues used their speech to influence people into joining them in their cause, and have usually advocated immediate, forceful action to address a national crisis while accusing moderate and thoughtful opponents of weakness or disloyalty. In conclusion, Demagogues did not force anyone to do anything, but instead, gained power through their culture and persuaded people, influencing their actions.

The Fourth Estate, on the other hand, is a whole different story. Early on, it was just the press, but nowadays, the forth estate has become more than just a piece of paper. It is the internet, the television, the radio... People are constantly bombarded with information, and the truth is, they are influenced by every single thing that the fourth estate is consisted of. And just because of that reason, it is very hard to actually define whether The Fourth Estate could be considered a Soft or Hard Power.

There are many ways to approach the subject, but it all comes down to how the Fourth Estate actually works. The Fourth Estate is able to start a war, just by choosing the right words to post, yet, it could also lead to radical changes, without actually suggesting much. Therefore, I find myself unable to place the Fourth Estate in either category, simply because it is a category of its own.

Headmistress Goshawk wrote:

Very well done, Miss Gerber, I don't get impressed often but this is an impressive piece of work. Your examples are all relevant and meaningful, your definitions well researched and supported and your argument well constructed. You skated dangerously close to the line I warned students not to go down in class but redeemed yourself by suggesting a separate category entirely for the Four Estate.

10/10
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PostSubject: Re: Global Citizenship - Homework 3   Global Citizenship - Homework 3 EmptyMon Apr 02, 2018 11:06 pm

Clara Goldstein
Ravenclaw

Hard and Soft power are at work every day in the political sphere. Each one is a means of persuading others to do something they might not otherwise want to do, whether this be through military force and bribery, or negotiation and alliances. While both are at constant work in international affairs, neither can be seen quite so clearly as in times of war.

In World War I, for example, Hard power seemed to be the primary means of persuasion. When war broke out in the Balkans, the Allied powers of Great Britain, France, and Russia threatened the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire with military force in an attempt to convince them to back down. This quickly led to physical fighting, which constituted the majority of the war. Each battle was a way of determining who lost and who won through Hard power: it was a show of brute force, and the better army usually won.

However, beneath this, Soft power was also at work. Alliances started the war, and alliances won the war. With the unification of Germany, Russia and France developed a shared objective--to protect themselves from the nearby threat. Thus the two agreed to ally themselves with each other before the war even started. Because of this, when Russia joined the war against Austria-Hungary, France followed--not because Austria-Hungary ever directly threatened France, but because France and Russia had similar goals. Likewise, when the United States joined the war, they did so because Great Britain shared with them the contents of the Zimmerman Telegram, persuading the US to develop the same goal as Great Britain: defeat Germany. None of these alliances were bought through military force or bribery, they were made out of shared ideals, which is Soft power.

The Fourth Estate falls very clearly under the latter. The Fourth Estate encompasses the media, entertainment, and popular culture, influencing society on a cultural and personal level. While it has the power to convince people to turn to violence or other forms of Hard power, it itself is none of those things. The Fourth Estate works by manipulating people's ideas and opinions. Those in turn may lead to action, but the Fourth Estate is not directly responsible for any action the people take. During World War I, the Fourth Estate included artwork and poetry, which painted the war in a negative light. Poems like "Dulce et Decorum Est" by Wilfred Owen swayed public opinion of war in general, persuading the entire country to take an anti-war stance once the fighting was over. This led to future actions, like Chamberlain's policy of appeasement before World War II. In this instance, the Fourth Estate led to a reluctance to use Hard power, because the Soft power of art and the media had united the UK and its allies under the ideal of avoiding war.

Headmistress Goshawk wrote:

Succinct and well put together, it isn't the most challenging narrative but it does fulfill all components of the homework set. The real world examples you used also show a general grasp on both history and politics I've come to expect from you Miss Goldstein.

A proper conclusion would have rounded off the essay better, though.

8/10
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